The Great American Institution that is the US Stock Market has had a tumultuous 100+ year journey. Let us examine the origins and the earlier times that this market, which affects the entire world's economy, has seen over the last two centuries.

The origins

• Sometime in 1600s: Dutch settlers and early merchants in NYC built a wall to protect themselves from pirates, the Indians, etc., which went on to become a bustling commercial thoroughfare later named Wall Street.
• March 1792, Corre's Hotel, NYC: 24 of the city's leading traders met in secret to discuss methods to wrest the securities business from the auctioneers, their competition, and bring order.
• May 17^th, 1792: They signed a 'Buttonwood Agreement' (named after the Buttonwood tree, their traditional meeting place), which called for the signers to not participate in other auctions of securities, set trading fees and trade securities only among themselves. This went on to become what we know as the NYSE.

The beginning: America's very first stock exchange is actually the Philadelphia exchange founded in 1790. In early 1817, when NYC's merchants realized that their exchange was declining, they sent an observer to the thriving Philadelphia exchange. Upon his return, they formally organized the New York Stock and Exchange Board on March 8^th, 1817 at 40, Wall Street. It was an exclusive organization which required new members to be voted in and which allowed candidates to be black-balled by 3 downvotes. Prices of seats in the exchange increased from $25 in 1817 to $100 in 1827 and $400 in 1848.

The 1900s: Huge fortunes were made on Wall Street in the early 1900s. The first panic came in 1907 when $800 million in securities were unloaded within a span of months. Consequently, stocks plummeted, the Knickerbocker Trust Company folded, and ultimately, JP Morgan and other leading NY bankers set up a single banking trust.

The Black Tuesday' crash of October 29^th, 1929 brought more panic and loss, since stock prices were 400% higher than they had been 5 years earlier. The stocks fell 49 points, the market fell 31 points and investors and brokers even committed suicide, with the fallout lasting till early 1941. As a result of this, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was formed in 1934 in an attempt to restore faith in the equity markets. Later on, NASDAQ was formed in 1971.

Today, the NYSE is the 800-pound-gorilla, the world's biggest and most powerful stock exchange with a market capitalization larger than NASDAQ, London and Tokyo combined!

Protein in urine, or proteinuria as it called in medical parlance, is a condition where a patient's urine samples show excess protein. It is essential to identify the presence or absence of protein while carrying out tests to analyze an individual's urine. Finding low levels of protein in the urine is normal. If the level of protein is temporarily high as per the urine analysis, then even that can be classified as usual, especially in younger people who take the test after an exercise session or when they are suffering from an illness. A patient's kidneys filter waste products from their blood while keeping the items required by their body such as proteins. However, some diseases and conditions allow proteins to pass through the filters of one's kidneys, leading to a rise in the protein levels in one's urine. Some conditions like dehydration, emotional stress, constant exposure to cold temperatures, and fever can cause a temporary rise in the levels of protein in the urine. A lot of strenuous exercises can also be harmful. However, not all of them indicate kidney damage Causes Among the many diseases and conditions that have the potential to cause persistently elevated levels of protein in the urine, we've listed a few common ones. These causes may lead to or indicate kidney disease.

• Amyloidosis: It is the build-up of abnormal proteins in one's organs.
• Medication: Consuming certain types of medicines such as non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory medication can cause imbalances in the body. These medicines act as a catalyst and increase the amount of protein in the urine.
• Chronic kidney disease: It is a very common reason because it indicates a malfunction and thus leads to the presence of protein in one's urine samples.
• Diabetes: Diabetes continually affects the chemical composition of the patient's urine.
• Endocarditis: It is an infection of the inner lining of the heart.
• IgA nephropathy: Commonly known as the Berger's disease, this illness causes kidney inflammation due to a build-up of the antibody immunoglobulin. All of this results in increased protein levels in a patient's urine samples.
• Kidney infection: Also called pyelonephritis, this condition also affects the protein levels in the urine.
• Malaria: It changes the composition of the blood.
• Nephrotic syndrome: It causes severe damage to small filtering blood vessels inside the kidneys.
• Orthostatic proteinuria: This condition can cause a rise in the urine's protein levels when the patient is in an upright position.
• Rheumatoid arthritis: It is commonly known as the inflammatory joint disease and can cause elevated levels of protein in one's urine.

When you are ready to purchase a deep freezer, there are two important decisions to consider: the brand and the type of freezer. Perhaps after some research, you have decided on the brand but are still undecided if a chest freezer is better for you or an upright one. Igloo chest freezer and the brand's upright models are both quality products. But the style of the freezer can offer distinct benefits and you need to assess those benefits in light of your household needs. Here are some advantages of using an Igloo chest freezer instead of the company's upright models. Chest freezers are more energy-efficient as you open them from the top. The chest shape allows the cold air to remain trapped inside every time you open the deep freezer. However, upright freezers have doors that open outward and easily allow air to escape. This is a significant reason why most families opt for chest freezers over upright freezers. It is possible to store more food in chest freezers due to their shape. This makes chest freezers more convenient than upright freezers especially for large families. For instance, if you buy an Igloo chest freezer, you can store large cuts of meats easily in it along with other food items like fruits, vegetables and nuts. Usually, chest freezers are less expensive to buy than upright models. This may vary for different brands though. But overall, you can save money on the purchase of a chest freezer and also keep its operation cost low. Drawbacks No doubt, chest freezers have some drawbacks when compared with upright freezers. Chest freezers require more space than upright freezers. You usually need a basement or garage space for your chest freezer. In comparison, you can fit an upright freezer in small or narrow spaces. But this space problem can be easily remedied as most houses have some areas that can accommodate at least a medium-sized chest freezer. It is also a bit cumbersome to store and find items in a chest freezer. In contrast, upright freezers have many shelves for easy storage. But now you can buy food organizers to use in a chest freezer for your ease. And it is easy to remove extra storage baskets if you need to store a large cut of meat or several packets of vegetables. Defrosting and cleaning a chest freezer can be a bit inconvenient in comparison to upright models. However, freezers that require manual defrosting are less expensive than frost-free models. If convenience of cleaning doesn't matter to you as much as the initial cost factor of buying a freezer, you can invest in a chest freezer. The advantages of owning and operating a chest freezer far outweigh the small inconveniences of using it.

All of us take care of our face by treating it with best masks, creams, toners, and mists. Therefore, our face looks radiant and tight all the time. But, just like the face, we must also take care of our neck. If you will not take care of your neck, then it will look saggy and show signs of stress and aging. Most people are worried about how to tighten neck skin. The following are the various natural ways to tighten your neck skin. Massage daily To decrease the signs of the stress from your neck, you should massage your neck daily either in the night or in the morning for a few minutes. To massage properly on your neck, firstly you should take a neck-tightening cream and apply it to your neck in upward circular motions. It will help in tightening of your neck by boosting collagen and instantly making your neck skin youthful and smooth. Exercise There are several stretching activities that help in tightening of the neck. When you combine stretching exercise with your normal exercises, it will continually stretch your neck and lower facial muscles. This results in triggering the formation of the collagen by the activation of the neck cells. And finally, you will observe tightening of the neck skin because of these exercises. Protect your neck skin When you step outside your home, your neck skin will be exposed to the sun rays, dust, smoke and free radicals. They will damage your skin and your skin will appear saggy and wrinkled. Therefore, it’s better to protect your skin from this exposure. This can be done by applying a moisture-strong sunscreen to your neck. The sunscreen will help in protecting your neck skin and make it bright and tight again. Lose weight If you are wondering how to tighten neck skin easily, the simple and essential way is to lose weight. You can lose weight by balancing your diet, drinking a lot of water, and performing proper exercises. But, if you do it in a wrong way, it will result in the loosening of the skin. You can prevent this by losing weight in a proper manner and try to manage an optimal weight. With the help of these simple ways of tightening your neck skin, you can get the results without the use of surgeries.

Your bathroom, the most coveted private space which you modeled after your heart’s desire, may look out of fashion or boring at some point or other, considering the changing trends with new versions of tiles, fixtures, and paints being released so often. So, what are the possible ways to make your bathroom look modern? You need not worry as there are several ways to make your bathroom look modern without burning a hole in your pocket. Look around your bathroom and note what elements are present as of now. This could include the fixtures such as a sink, faucets and tubs, curtains, lights, cabinets, and so on. Add a touch of color If your bathroom is the same color all over, which used to be the trend a few decades ago, then to liven it up, add some color as you fancy, be it subtle or bright. How do you do that? Just change one element and get a new look. For instance, if the bathroom is all gray, adding a curtain full of colors or adding a wall paper or even getting creative and painting at a prominent portion of the wall will serve the purpose. What’s more, you may even change the light fittings to go with the new outlook and feel a fresh vibe. Changing and concealing Typically, older bathrooms tend to have pedestal sinks, where the utility cables and pipes would be visible. Changing the sinks might become expensive. Therefore, you can opt to replace the old leaky faucets with a modern one and solve the problem. Similarly, to conceal all the pipes, paint it according to the color scheme, which would significantly enhance the look. Attend to practicality A towel rod or hooks and other practical utilities are something which most of the older bathrooms lack. This can be resolved easily by going for wall-hung rods and hooks, which are readily available. Including such practical elements can quickly add to the personality of the space. To make your bathroom look modern, you do not have to go overboard with your budget always. You can instead change a few aspects of the space to get it all sorted and make it look new.

There is nothing better than making a difference in the society. While a privileged few live great lives, there are many others who do not have access to the most basic amenities. Additionally, our country still needs development in a lot of sectors. Following are the top five accredited online universities where you can pursue a degree in social work to help the country.

• Humboldt State University Offering a Master’s degree in Social Work, Humboldt State University is one of the best accredited online universities for a degree in social work. The department of social work here is helpful and guides aspirants through their degree. It teaches them how to be a part of organizations that help improve the society. The course costs around $7,676, and financial aid is available for eligible students.
• University of North Dakota The Masters of Social Work program offered here will teach you all that you need to know about pursuing social work. You can opt for the online degree or even visit the campus to undertake this course. Additionally, the university has a provision that allows you to pursue the course online as well as offline. You would need 36 credit hours for distance concentration or the online degree course. However, this course is worth the effort, and it is sure to set you on the path of social work.
• Eastern Washington University The Social Work Master’s Degree here is presented in a hybrid format. It is the perfect mix of theoretical knowledge and a practical approach. This course will prepare you for social work practices in both rural and urban pockets of the nation, ensuring that you can put your education to good use for the society. It is also one of the most coveted accredited online universities.
• Liberty University Choose the Bachelor’s degree or the Master’s degree offered here and get set on your path of making a change in this world. Liberty University is one of the best accredited online universities, and it has also received the title of being the number 1 online college of America.
• Indiana Wesleyan University Online-Adult Education A part of their behavioral sciences department, the social work course at this college is well-curated. There are courses such as social welfare organization, intergroup relations, and anatomy and physiology that will help you gain insights into the social situation of the country.