A freeze dryer lowers the temperature of food to minus 30 to minus 50 degrees Fahrenheit. It then creates a vacuum in the food chamber, allowing easy preservation. What is freeze drying? Freeze drying, otherwise known as Lyophilisation is the process of removing ice or frozen solvents from perishable items through desorption. Freeze drying involves three main stages: Freezing stage Freezing is done on a shelf in a freeze dryer where the material is cooled below its triple point. This ensures sublimation rather than melting to help preserve its physical form. Primary drying (sublimation) stage In this stage, the material is exposed to low pressure and heat in order for the water to sublimate. The vacuum created in the freeze dryer speeds up the process of sublimation. Primary drying can be a slow process, as excessive heat can alter the structure of the material. However, it removes 95% of water from the material. Secondary drying (absorption) stage This stage involves removing the ionically-bound water molecules by raising the temperature higher than that in the Primary Drying stage. The material is then sealed and retains only about 1-5% moisture. What makes up a freeze dryer? Refrigeration system This system works towards cooling the condenser that is in the freeze dryer. It is also used for cooling the product shelves inside the chamber for the product. Vacuum system This system has a vacuum pump that is separate and is connected to a condenser which is airtight. It is attached to a product chamber and helps to reduce the water molecules. Control system Control systems help in maintaining temperature and allow monitoring the freeze drying process. Product chamber or manifold These chambers are one of two types - a manifold with flasks attached to it and the second - a chamber with shelves where the product is placed. Condenser Attracting the vapors that are sublimed from the product is the purpose of the condenser. The collapse temperature and freezing point and of the product prescribe the condenser temperature. What are the different types of freeze dryers? Freeze dryers are divided into the following based on the type of product chamber. Manifold dryers These dryers are used when the product or material is pre-frozen and is in flasks. Shelf dryers Shelf dryers are used when the material or product is directly placed on the shelf or tray of the freeze dryer. Combination units Combination units have both options - manifold as well as shelf drying.

Many women around the world regret their decision of tying the knot and opt for its removal through a tubal removal surgery. But tubal reversal may not turn out to be successful for all. Like all other surgeries, tubal reversal surgery also has its own set of risks. Some of these risks and complications are listed below. Chances of ectopic pregnancy Tubal reversal surgeries have been long known to increase the chances of ectopic pregnancies. Do you know what an ectopic pregnancy is? Well, it is something in which the embryo develops elsewhere and not in the womb of the pregnant women. If you think you are pregnant after you have undergone your tubal reversal surgery, then you must be under close supervision of your doctor until the very end. Keep a check on the level of your HCGs. Let your obstetrician know everything about your tubal reversal surgery. A USG report and a level of HCG can help you determine whether your embryo is growing in the right place or not. Infection due to tubal reversal surgery Almost 5 percent of patients report of having an infection at the operated site after a tubal reversal surgery. Surgical site infections are not that serious, but if they are supposed to develop, then they will do so within 30 days. Now you must be wondering why these infections arise. They mostly arise due to invasion by microorganisms. Microorganisms may have come in contact with your body either through the air or may have been introduced through the surgical instruments if they were not sterilized properly. Tubal reversal surgery is not a massive one, but small infections may arise at the site of operation. The signs through which you can understand that you have an infection are A mild to high fever Pain at the site of infection, that is, at the site of operation A redness related to the infection Considerable swelling of the portion of infected area Slow healing process Added warmth around the infected area Bleeding due to tubal reversal surgery Bleeding is always involved in any surgical process. But when bleeding turns out to be excessive, then it is dangerous. It is rare to require a blood transfusion, but when bleeding exceeds a certain limit, then blood transfusion is a must. There are rare instances when a patient dies from excessive bleeding. A little bit of bleeding may occur and that is completely normal, but if you see that the rate of bleeding is even more than your menstrual flow, then you should definitely contact your doctor. Changing your tampon or pad more than once in an hour is certainly not normal and can lead to serious complications. Tubal reversal surgery doesn't require you to stay overnight and is usually an outpatient procedure, but if you have any unnatural bleeding, then your healing will be automatically delayed.

Mascaras are often overlooked, but they can help accentuate your eyes and change your overall look. That said, you must know what you want when you’re shopping for the product as there’s a host of options available, which can make choosing the right mascara tricky. To ease your troubles, here’s a list of the best mascaras 2021 has to offer.

• Best waterproof mascara to buy in 2021 - Le Volume de Chanel Mascara
  If you’re looking for a clump-free and waterproof mascara, you’ve hit the jackpot with this one. The product delivers on all these fronts, and the wand allows you to achieve volume in one stroke. Plus, the fantastic waterproof formula only comes out when you wipe it off with a cleanser. You can purchase a bottle of this fantastic mascara on the Chanel website or get it for around $32 on an online store.

• Best quick-drying mascara to buy in 2021 - Glossier Lash Slick
  One of the major problems with some mascaras is their slow-drying formula, which means you spend longer doing your makeup and are also at risk of ending up with wet dotted marks below your eyebrows. You need to add a quick-drying formula to your makeup kit to tackle this. The Glossier Lash formula is not just quick-drying but also water-resistant, so it doesn’t smudge or flake for up to 12 hours until you wash it off. And the weightless formula accentuates your natural lashes.

• The best mascara to buy on a budget in 2021 - Maybelline New York Great Lash® Washable Mascara
  Luxury makeup products tend to be a tad bit expensive, but once in a while, you come across cost-effective and efficient luxurious products. Maybelline New York’s Great Lash® Washable Mascara is one such product. The product was released over 40 years ago, and to this day, it remains a favorite among makeup gurus and beginners alike. It thickens the lashes and enhances your overall look by defining the eyes. To top it off, it costs less than $10.

• The best mascara to buy in 2021 for fanned out lashes - Fenty Beauty Full Frontal Volume, Lift & Curl Mascara
  Rihanna’s Fenty Beauty is known for being inclusive and cruelty-free. When it comes to mascaras, this product from Fenty Beauty adds volume and even length to your lashes. The brush allows you to achieve a subtle yet fancy fanned-out look. Plus, it has a smooth and sleek application compared to most mascaras in the market.

Quite a few things can cause bad eyesight, and one of these major factors is aging. However, there are some day-to-day choices we make and activities we partake in that slowly but surely impact our eyesight. This article discusses some obvious and not-so-obvious things that weaken our vision and force us to visit an ophthalmologist. Most of these causes are rooted in lifestyle habits and linked to preexisting health conditions. Too much screen time Sitting on the computer for extended hours is quite detrimental to eye health. The majority of the population spends time staring at their laptops, phones, or television. Screen pixels on the screen emit blue rays. While these rays are not as harsh on the eyes as UV rays, they have a better penetrative range and can end up causing deeper damage. Other side-effects of extended screen time include dry eyes, pricking of the eyes, strained eyesight, and headaches that can result in progressive worsening of the condition. Rubbing the eyes Rubbing the eyes can be an unconscious reaction for those dealing with dry eyes. It's difficult to control the urge when allergies trigger itchy eyes. This can damage the cornea and increase pressure on the eyes. A better option is to cover the eyes with a damp towel to relieve itchy and dry eyes. Not wearing sunglasses We often end up treating sunglasses as a fashion accessory more than a necessity. While there is nothing wrong with that, it is equally essential to choose the right pair of sunglasses based on the protection they provide. For example, smaller framed sunglasses fail to provide optimal protection. Their UV protective ability determines the sunglasses' effectiveness instead of the darkness of the shades. Poor eating habits Empty calories and food filled with additives and preservatives contribute to poor vision. It is essential to watch what we eat, especially if we want to improve our eye health. Since a part of the eyes is vascular, it is vital to have a heart-healthy food regimen to keep the blood vessels that serve the eyes healthy. Fatty meats, excess saturated fats, and sugary foods are all bad for the eyes.  Poor food choices can contribute to high blood pressure, diabetes, and the onset of macular degeneration, all of which are factors that impact eye health.

Whether it is a slow leak, a tire puncture, or a leaky valve stem, dealing with automotive failures can be time-consuming especially when one is on the go. A flat tire can be scary and frustrating, leaving one stranded on the side of the road with disparity. Pep Boys tires can help you out of your flat tire situation; the Pep Boys team is just a phone call away. They will arrange for a tow to their closest store. Repairing or changing a flat tire should be handled by specially trained people. Pep Boys has a professional staff and the products and equipment to dismount, mount, repair, and balance the tire correctly and guarantee the repair for the life of the tire. Pep Boys is meticulous in its approach to the maintenance of tires. Whether a flat tire is the result of a leaky valve stem, puncture or slow leak, they have the resources, man power, and accessibility to fix it. Tire Pressure Monitoring System(TPMS) is central to the safety on the road. Pep Boys tires provide a free TPMS check up service to make sure the TPMS is communicating properly with the tires, and the customer is instantly alerted to any issues. Regularly rotating tires results in better gas mileage, an all-around smoother ride and a longer tread life. Balancing tires enables one to drive safer while enjoying better fuel economy and reduced tire wear. Maximize the life of the tires by keeping the vehicle in proper alignment. All the services mentioned can be scheduled online on the official website of Pep Boys. They believe in convenience and quality. Once the Pep Boys tires are bought, one must make sure to go back for maintenance to protect one’s investment. Pep Boys is the way to go for the following reasons: • They have provided trusted auto service solutions since 1921 • The company is equipped with state-of-the-art technology • Increased accessibility with 7,000 Service Bays nationwide • They also offer the Motorist Assurance Program • Skilled personnel i.e. ASE Service Technicians nationwide

There is no escaping from installing an antivirus software on your computer or your laptop. The major dilemma lies in choosing between the free antivirus software and their paid versions. It is a tough choice, especially because these paid software packages don’t come for cheap. So, what do you do? Paid antivirus software come with their own set of perks. Read this article to know the benefits of purchasing a paid version of antivirus software.

• Add- on features One of the main areas where the free antivirus software falls short is the add-on features that the paid versions often flaunt. Paid versions come with backup and recovery tools, and performance boosting utilities that ensure that your PC is running at its best potential.
• Guaranteed protection When it comes to free antivirus software, there is no guarantee that it will protect your device at all cost from viruses. In case of a paid software, the company makes sure to give you the optimum level of security from all kinds of cyber threats.
• Accountable customer support If you are facing some issues with the free version of any antivirus software, there is not much you can do. On the other hand, if you subscribe to a paid antivirus software package, then the software company will make it a point to always give you high-quality customer support.
• Multi-user license You don’t have to worry about purchasing separate antivirus software for every device you own. You can purchase one package and it will cover all your devices.

Who should you buy paid antivirus software? Many people live with this misconception that excellent cyber security is just for those high-class people, who carry out complex tasks on their systems. What these people fail to understand is that hackers and cybercriminals these days not just hack your devices, but also the personal data that is stored in your system. If your system is not protected, then any person can hack into your system, peep through your bank transactions, steal money, or even your identity. To avoid these security breaches, the best thing to do is to purchase a trusted antivirus software that guarantees complete protection against viruses and malware. Depending on your budget and security needs, decide which antivirus software will give you the much needed digital safety.