The world of orthopedics has seen revolutionary advancements right from the very beginning. In fact, many discoveries of the mid-20th century reached fruition in the early 21st century. One such discovery is what is called Bone Matrix Protein or BMP. In 1965, Dr. Marshall Urist, M.D., discovered that decalcified bone matrix induced new bone growth. This wonder protein, after a long development, finally got the FDA approval for use in the mending of non-fusion long bones in the year 1975. Eventually, in the year 2002, the FDA gave its approval for rhBMP-2 for single-level spine fusion. Two years later, the FDA gave its clearance for Osteogenic protein 1 Putty for spinal fusion and next month approval was granted for the use of rhBMP-2 for the treatment of acute open fissure fracture of the shaft of the tibia. This revolutionized the treatment of non-union fractures.

Joint designs Joint replacements are not without problems and failures which necessitate revision surgeries. One of the main challenges is to avoid infections. Bearing surface wear and tear, their displacement and corrosion were challenges faced and are being overcome in varying degrees. Joint designs have moved from metal on metal to metal on polyethylene and back to metal on metal. Each of these iterations has come with concerns. Fixation, to begin with, was with cement. This gave way to cementless fixation and properly aligned with the aid of a computer has proved quite satisfactory.

Quality of joint designs and implants Other important advancements took place in the design, materials and their bonding to the bone surfaces in artificial joints. One of the best known is probably the 'Charnley hip' pioneered by Dr. John Charnley a British orthopedic surgeon. The design uses ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. The osteolysis of the debris created by the wear is its important disadvantage. In all the joint replacement, the alignment is found to be critical aspect element in the success rate. Very precise alignment is possible with the aid of computers and this is practiced in all modern operating rooms these days.

3D printing and joint designs The advent of 3D printing has found a place is making artificial joints as in many fields. Technology has gone as far as making instruments specific to the patient. One joint surface in development is to give the articular surface a cartilage-like layer. Jacob Klein working with the Weizmann Institute of Science has been able to put 60-nanometer molecular brushes on the lining surface of the articular surface. These brushes outperform the natural cartilage in that the artificial can withstand 7.5 megapascals pressure without losing its properties as against 5.0 megapascals of the natural cartilage.

Clearly, orthopedics has come a long way.

Health insurance is a necessary thing as it pays for the physician-recommended medical so that customers don’t have to pay large medical bills out of their pockets. Medicare supplement insurance refers to the various private health insurance plans sold to supplement Medicare. It is to be noted that health insurance has become mandatory in the year 2010 under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). Since then health insurance companies have started bringing out more choices in health insurance for the customers so that the customers choose to buy their business policies rather than their competitors. Let’s take a glance at a few of the top rated supplement insurance companies that are popular these days.

• Highmark: It is one of the highest ranking insurance enterprises in the US providing health insurance and vision care.
• WellCare: WellCare provides government sponsored managed care plans with a lot of attention given to Medicare Advantage, Medicaid and Medicare Prescription Drug Plans. They serve all ages of people.
• American Republic Insurance Co: They are a big help to individuals and families, small businesses, and other customers as they provide Health insurance, Medicare supplement insurance, and other solutions.
• Kaiser Permanente Insurance: They form a huge insurance company with over 17,000 doctors working to treat a 9 million customer community. The customer can customize treatment options, and they can choose their doctor according to their particular history.
• Homeland Healthcare: They have been working diligently to provide the best supplement insurance for more than 15 years.
• Humana Health insurance: They are a company based out of Kentucky and have been providing dental care for more than 50 years. This network needs no underwriting or pre-enrolment checks to qualify.
• Cigna Health Insurance: Cigna provides healthcare services to more than 75 million customers operating in 30 countries worldwide and has been catering to their clients for nearly 200 years.
• AmeriHealth: AmeriHealth offers a range of services including health insurance plans to individuals as well as employees.

If you are a workaholic, you might be aware of the importance of a laptop in your life. Laptops are basically a small version of your desktops or PCs. It gives you access to large data and storage capacity. You may call it a portable computer that saves your files, projects, and all other documents. It helps you to have access to all your important documents, wherever you are. A Laptop for You is: - A device that helps you to work, irrespective of place and time. - A device that saves all the data, irrespective of their size. - A device that provides access to all the files, irrespective of their format. So if you are planning to buy a laptop, why not buy the best one? After conducting deep research, we have come up with this article which will help you get the best laptop to assist you in your work. 7 Points of Consideration When Buying a Laptop -Weight, Size, and Design If you are the one who generally uses a laptop in field work, you must be very conscious about the weight, size, and design of your laptop. It is better to opt for one with the lowest weight, compact size, and sleek design. Nowadays, laptops come in varying designs and models. The one with tablet convertibility is easy to handle when in a business meeting. -Storage capacity Laptops with 128 to 256 GB Solid State Drive (SSD) are apt for those who have to store large data and files. This storage capacity will help you save all the important files with appropriate functioning of your system. So, you will get suitable speed when loading a file or an application and storing them. NVMe SSD is the top SSD today. Laptops with this SSD is the best laptop of the 21st generation. -Battery backup Battery backup of your device is directly proportional to your usability. If you are a hardcore user of your laptop and run multiple applications at a time, your battery will deplete more. So buy a laptop with battery life according to your use. It is better to buy the one with 8 to 10 hours battery backup and power supply of 40-50 watt per hour. -Display and Typing Quality The best laptop is the one with 12 to 14 inches full HD screen with 1920 by 1080 pixel resolution. An extra glossy screen will adversely affect your eyes. If you are a writer or one who does more typing job on laptops, you must look for a comfortable typing system. The keys must be flat and placed aptly so as to add ease when typing. It is better to look for a black keyboard as is easily visible even in dim or extra bright light. -Accessibility In the world of the Intel Core processing unit, you get Core i3, i5 and i7-based systems. If you are a multi-tasker, the best laptop for you is the one with Core i7 processing unit. 4 to 7GB RAM gives an apt outcome for all multi-taskers. -Portability Portability helps you to transfer your data from one device to another. Having at least 2 to 4 USB porting pins may help you in pinning up at least 4 external devices to your laptop. 5 Best Laptops of 2018 -Lenovo Yoga 920 It has been rated 8.7 out of 10. At a price of $1300, you get a 13.9 inches screen of 1920 by 1080 resolution. The processing unit is Intel Core i7 with 256GB NVMe SSD storage and awesome battery backup. Its weight is 1.4 kg, making it easy to carry. -Apple MacBook Pro 2016 It is given 8.6 stars out of 10 and thus it lies 2nd on our list. At a cost of $2699, you get a 13 inches screen with 2560 by 1600 resolution. It has a great storage capacity with 256GB SSD storage. The processing unit is Intel Core i5 with Mac OS operating system. It is a lightweight device and has an awesome outlook. -HP Spectre x360 It is rated 8.5 out of 10. The beautiful design with hardly 1.4 kg weight makes it apt for outdoor usages. It offers 512GB SSD with a memory capacity of 16GB DDR4 SDRAM. This lacks behind in terms of battery backup. But if you spend an extra amount to get HD screen, you get a better battery life. Generally, it costs $1500. -Dell XPS 13 It is also rated 8.5 out of 10, but offers a great battery life. The eighth generation MS10 operating system and Intel Core i8 processing unit make the system an advance one. The 13.3 inches screen offers 1920 by 1080 resolution which is apt for all users. It costs $2300. -Microsoft Surface Book 2 It is rated 8.3 out of 10 with an advance screen-detachable facility. The 15 inches screen makes it space occupying. It is embraced with MS 10 Pro operating system, 16GB DDR4 SDRAM, 1TB SSD storage and Intel Core i7 processing unit. You have to pay $2499 to own this excellent device. Reference Links juhi.wpc@gmail.com https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/556585/top-10-things-consider-when-buying-new-laptop/? https://www.cnet.com/topics/laptops/best-laptops/    

The lungs are our lifeline, and this is because air travels through our nose and passes through our lungs and keeps us alive. Cancer is referred to those healthy cells which go “rogue” i.e. normal cells mutate, change and grow out of control. When this happens in the lungs, this growth eventually leads to a mass of cells that take the form of a malignant tumor. Here are the various types of lung cancer.

• Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): This is the most usual form of lung cancer that is seen in most cases. Typically, this cancer starts and grows gradually. Some of the types under this category are:
  • Adenocarcinoma: Typically seen in the lining of the lungs and has gland-like properties. 30% of the lung cancer that is reported is of this type.
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma: These are typically found in the flat cells present in the passages of the respiratory tract.
  • Large Cell Carcinoma: Making up about 9 % of lung cancer cases, this is one of the fastest growing lung cancer types. The features are like the above two categories making it very difficult to distinguish between them.
• Small Cell Lung Cancer: This type of cancer is characterized by its ability to spread very quickly to other parts of the body. It is a neuroendocrine tumor that has cells that are much smaller as compared to NSCLC. Some forms of cancer, however, contain both smaller and larger cells categorizing them as both NSCLC and SCLC. Upon investigation, SCLC is classified as extensive or limited depending on how far it has spread.
• Mesothelioma: This type of cancer is strongly associated with exposure to asbestos, and it can be primary cancer or secondary. Primary cancer originates in the lungs, and secondary cancer originates elsewhere in the body and affects the lungs as well. Both require the same treatment procedures.

There are others types of lung cancer such as the carcinoid tumors which originate in the small intestine but spread to the lungs as well. Lung cancer can be effectively treated if diagnosed early on.

Hyperhidrosis is a medical condition that impacts the quality of the everyday life of an individual. Excessive sweating can lead those affected to feel embarrassed, sad, anxious, and angry. To combat these emotional and mental feelings, one can bring some effective changes in everyday life. Mentioned below are some of the lifestyle tips that you can incorporate into your daily routine to cope with hyperhidrosis. Let's have a look at some. Exercise Working out is a great way to help reduce stress and maintain physical health. People with hyperhidrosis should not feel embarrassed while working out, as it is normal for them to sweat during intense physical workouts. Also, regular exercise will help you keep your body in shape and help reduce sweat in normal situations. Wear light and breathable clothing Out of the many lifestyle tips for hyperhidrosis, this one is about paying attention to what you wear. Natural fibers like cotton and linen will help keep sweat to a minimum. Thick fabrics like flannel can trap sweat which can worsen your sweating. People with hyperhidrosis should wear light and breathable fabrics, which can reduce the body temperature, and in turn, stop sweat. Stay hydrated It is important for people with hyperhidrosis to maintain an adequate level of hydration. Sweating leads to the loss of electrolytes from your body. It is generally recommended to drink eight glasses of water a day; however, people with hyperhidrosis may need to drink more. Diet A change in diet can help reduce sweat levels. Certain foods and drinks can trigger sweat production. Eliminating or limiting them from your diet can help in sweat reduction. Limit the consumption of spicy food, highly processed foods, caffeine, and alcohol, which are some foods that can cause excessive sweating. Keep your feet dry You should wear sandals that allow easy air circulation in your feet, preventing them from sweating. Also, you need to wear shoes made from natural materials such as leather and other genuine sweat-proof material. Change your shoes and socks frequently to prevent feet dampness, preventing bad odor and sweat. The tips mentioned above can help better manage hyperhidrosis, but it is important to be aware of antiperspirant deodorants to help reduce sweating. Doctors suggest that the best time to apply is at night as the body absorbs more antiperspirant into the skin. They contain physical sweat blockers such as aluminum chloride that blocks the sweat glands. Some of the best antiperspirant deodorants for body odor and hyperhidrosis include Dove Men Care Clinical Deodorant Stick, Mitchum Clinical Antiperspirant Deodorant, SweatBlock Antiperspirant, and Donna Karan Cashmere Mist Deodorant, among others.

The bitcoin is not just one of the most popular forms of cryptocurrency, but it is quickly becoming synonymous with the term. There are a variety of currencies that have been inspired by the bitcoin collectively known as altcoins. These improvisations of bitcoins consider themselves to be a better and more polished version of the bitcoin. There are more than 700 different types of cryptocurrencies, while the world is still stuck on the bitcoin and its different variants. While the best time to invest in cryptocurrency is the most debated topic, here are three types that can help you get a better idea of cryptocurrency.

• Litecoin The Litecoin was one of the cryptocurrencies that was associated closely with the bitcoin and was also known as the sliver to bitcoin's gold. This cryptocurrency was launched in 2011 by an MIT graduate and former Google engineer. The Litecoin might have serious similarities to the bitcoin but it has a faster block generation rate, which offers a quicker confirmation of the transaction. It is based on an open source global payment network and is not under the control of any central authority. Furthermore, it uses "scrypt" as a proof of work that allows decoding with the help of a consumer grade CPU.
• Ripple (XRP) Ripple offers instant as well as low-cost international payments. It works in real-time and provides a global settlement network. Ripple currency was release in 2012 and now has a market capitalization value of $1.26 billion. Ripple's method of conformation, the consensus ledger, does not require mining. This is a feature that does not relate to the features of a bitcoin and altcoins. This feature is ideal as it reduces the network latency and does not require the use of computer power. This type of cryptocurrency believes that 'distributing value is a powerful way to incentivize behaviors.' Hence, they are planning to primarily distribute XRPs.
• Dash Dash was originally known as a dark coin as it is probably one of the most secretive versions of the bitcoin. The noticeable feature of this cryptocurrency is that it works on a decentralized master code that allows it make a transaction that is almost untraceable. It was launched at one of the best times to invest in cryptocurrency 2014. Thus, it gained popularity at an extremely high pace. This cryptocurrency was developed by Evan Duffield and uses the common process of mining. It can be mined with the help of a CPU or a GPU. In 2015, this cryptocurrency got its new name, Dash, which actually means digital cash.